Nursing and Care Essay Example for Free

Nursing and Care Essay The idea of Synergy can be applied to the act of nursing by methods for training and administration. To acquire Synergy in nursing the nurse’s information and aptitudes can meet the individual needs of the patient populace that is introduced. Right now in Western Pennsylvania, there is a rising number maternal substance maltreatment during pregnancy. This pestilence thus makes an alternate kind of populace in newborn children than different zones of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), with explicit medicinal services needs. One zone that is deficient with regards to cooperative energy is the consideration of this rising patient populace of newborn children experiencing Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). This makes a hole between nursing training and clinical application. Because of the ascent in NAS newborn children it is significant for medical attendants to be taught in legitimate consideration for a baby giving this analysis, side effect the executives, relational abilities, and the key information Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Poor patient results can be brought about by an absence of getting habit. The Vermont Oxford Network states, â€Å"Fear of vilification, separation, kid evacuation, poor treatment, and criminal indictment has deflected ladies from looking for care. In any case, the exploration recommends that giving substance subordinate ladies exhaustive human services, medication and liquor misuse treatment, and social help improves pregnancy, birth, and kid advancement results. † (Horbar, Soll Buus-Frank, 2013) When the newborn child is conceded into the intense consideration setting, the consideration needs of these patients should concentrate less on the quick result, and more on what will make the best useful for every patient as a person. There is a fundamental requirement for the improvement of cooperative answers for care and training in the medicinal services setting for the consideration of this rising populace. Frequently this is furnish care with a sensible objective of keeping up ideal degrees of solace with insignificant symptoms of pull back. â€Å"About 40% of newborn children who display withdrawal side effects can be treated without medicine. † (White, 2013) Nurses who set aside some effort to guarantee a degree of solace will assist with easing side effects of NAS pull back and furthermore help bolster the family in their infant’s care. Notwithstanding giving solace will help decline the should be cured for pull back and at last will prompt a shorter hospitalization. The supervisor of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit should address this issue and execute change so as to improve understanding results. The skills that make up the Synergy model are clinical judgment, support and good organization, caring practices, assistance of learning, coordinated effort, frameworks thinking, reaction to assorted variety, and clinical request. For the NAS populace promotion, clinical judgment, caring practices and help of learning are generally significant. Backing proposes the medical attendant to fill in as an ethical operator to take a shot at the infant’s benefit so as to give the best great to help settle worries that are both clinical and moral. Clinical judgment is the capacity for the medical attendant to take on the position of authority to think about their patient. Newborn children can't settle on medicinal services choices; the attendant must consider the parent’s wishes and what the outcome the nurses’ activities will yield for this baby. These activities should emphatically add to their arrangement of care by and large. Caring practices makes a sympathetic and helpful condition for each the patients, perceiving the remarkable needs of every newborn child. The medical caretaker goes about as a facilitator of realizing when he/she consolidates the comprehension of the infant’s family into the consideration. The Synergy mode incorporates understanding attributes, which are, strength, helplessness, steadiness, intricacy, asset accessibility, investment in care and dynamic and consistency. For the NAS populace the patient qualities would quickly relate intricacy, defenselessness, and cooperation in care and dynamic. Intricacy as alluded to with regards to the large number of side effects that are to be considered for legitimate consideration of the patient. These newborn children can't convey torment, indications needs, and what their desire’s are. For instance, these infant’s cry and are hopeless until the attendant experiences an experimentation until he/she makes sense of the necessities of the kid. They don't comprehend what is befalling them. Weakness incorporates the stressors that these patients will be presented to that may influence results. The babies rely upon the choices their families and medicinal services experts. Expanded length of medical clinic stay can prompt issues that may decrease in their as of now undermined condition, for instance, disease. In conclusion, the NAS patients are helpless because of the way that they can't settle on their own human services choices and need to rely upon guardians and social insurance suppliers to be talk for their sake. The guardians take an interest in care as they get data and help aid the consideration for their kid. Break down the Case Nursing training places accentuation on clinical introduction, physical stressors and conditions that influence the patient and their related medicines. Expanded training is required for attendants on the baby blues and NICU units about the treatment for this particular patient populace. With the expansion in tranquilize subordinate moms there is by all accounts small nursing training gave on baby blues and NICU nursing units about the consideration for these newborn children, and this issue should be tended to. â€Å"Infants with NAS have higher paces of neonatal confusions, delayed lengths of remain and devour significant NICU and emergency clinic assets. Further, they force a developing weight on effectively stressed medicinal services assets since state Medicaid uses are excessively affected. † (Horbar, Soll Buus-Frank, 2013) The organization and training group needs to recognize this issue and consolidate educating and refreshed examination on these units. One competency that needs cooperative energy in the nursing care of the NAS populace is coordinated effort. â€Å"Collaboration improves the limit of a gathering and expands the potential for progress. † (Hardin Kaplow, p. 75, 2005) It isn't phenomenal when diverse order zones, for example, the attendant, specialist, social laborer and so on recognize various objectives for the patient. Poor correspondence makes the group not work as one to team up and move in the direction of a shared objective. â€Å"A key to cooperation is the correspondence that must exist between the patient, family, and social insurance colleagues just as among individuals from the medicinal services group. Another cooperative energy lacking competency would be mindful practices, which is the exceptional nursing care gave to the patient and families. Inside the NAS populace medical attendants need to perceive the distinctions and fused them into the newborn children care. Having empathy and making a quieting domain help give comfort in a remedial situation. Generally the NAS populace is considered as level II care, this takes into account the medical caretakers to take on a numerous patient task of three to five newborn children one after another. The NAS populace is one of a kind; they require much pampering and practically steady consideration from the medical caretaker. Having more prominent than three patients makes an extraordinary hindrance these youngsters because of the attendant extending herself far to meet the essential needs of taking care of, changing and curing, the medical caretaker doesn't have satisfactory chance to shake and alleviate the newborn children causing more noteworthy pull back indications. The sound dynamic model will help distinguish and execute the fitting changes that are basic in improving consideration for the NAS populace. Improvement in the training of the social insurance staff will make better patient results. This dynamic procedure incorporates three stages to accomplish this goal: recognize potential results, decide likelihood of every result, and make a move with the most noteworthy likelihood to accomplish a positive result. The considered activities are expanded face to face preparing, obligatory survey of pieces of literature, or an on-line instructional class. The best constructive result would originate from expanded face to face preparing. Make a Change Proposal Some portion of the nursing direction for staff will be to take an interest in a class determined for the preparation identified with care of the NAS newborn child preceding working in the NICU. Composed material just as an introduction will be given. The going to doctor will say something about administrations gave to the NAS newborn child, prescriptions and significant realities that the doctor might want in report. For the staff nurses’ senior nursing ventures are appointed yearly and are introduced to keep up their status on the unit. Appointing NAS care to a couple of attendants every year will stay up with the latest examination on the unit. These medical attendants will take an interest in Internet introductions that attention on quality, security and care for babies and groups of and NAS newborn child. At long last, a staff part from the social work group will join and present his/her job on account of a NAS newborn child. The unit will give CEU’s to this preparation. This proposition will influence the unit inside by including the supervisory crew and numerous staff disciplines. The supervisory crew will help in this proposition by giving a day that is assigned this extra preparing and select the fitting nursing, doctor and social work staff to take an interest in running the program. At last acquiring CEU’s endorsed by the state leading body of medical caretakers to offer instruction credits for after the finishing of preparing. The assigned medical attendants doled out to NAS as a senior venture must stay up with the latest with the preparation data before the class of new staff, doing so will guarantee they are set up for questions that may emerge. With this proposition the staff has t

Biography of Ogden Nash Essay -- Papers

Ogden Nash was conceived on August 19, 1902 in Rye, New York and was brought there and up in Savannah, Georgia. He got his training from St. George’s School in Rhode Island and he likewise went to Harvard University. His initially distributed sonnet Spring Comes to Murray Hill was included in the New Yorker Magazine in 1930. He in this manner joined the staff of the New Yorker Magazine in 1932. All through his profession he distributed an aggregate of nineteen books of verse before his passing on May 19, 1971. He controls the English language to fit in his sonnets to male jokes and keep his crowd engaged. Nash says he surrendered any expectation of turning into a genuine writer and concluded that it is smarter to be a decent terrible artist than to be an awful decent artist. Ogden Nash utilizes the utilization of silliness and happy stanza to discuss connections, child rearing, and life by and large. Connections were one of Ogden Nash’s generally expounded on subjects. Connections are a hard liable to compose fun verse about, yet Nash makes it bring about the ideal result by utilizing clever speculations and making them rhyme. He can do this like no other with any voice he feels required. He utilizes genuine, senseless, and earnest tones in his work identifying with connections. In one sonnet specifically â€Å"u of an Ode to Duty† he tells about the confounding consistently befuddling connection among people, and appears to take no undeniable side in the issue. â€Å"On a few events he writes in traditional modes, which means dropping the fun loving and the softly mocking to compose the unadulterated verse or to add a pedantic note to the predominant hilarious tenor of his verse,† (Louis Hasley,2). A large number of his sonnets about this point are composed with an individual vibe, perusing them causes you to feel as... ... which he sees consistently. â€Å"The articulation of astuteness, the mixed up audio effects, the comic flattening, all serve to charm the writer bonehead to his audience,†(George Crandell,3). Through review Nash’s verse I have discovered that there should be a voice like his out in the public eye to remark on garbage, else we would put some distance between our faculties of diversion. Works Cited Crandell, George W. Studies in American Humor, Vol. 7, 1989, pp.94-103. http://www.galenet.com/servelet/LitRC/(10/26/1999) Frankenberg, Lloyd The New York Times Book Review, November 19, 1950, p.4 http://www.galenet.com/servelet/LitRC/(10/26/1999) McCord, David The Saturday Review, February 10, 1951, p. 18 http://www.galenet.com/servelet/LitRC/(10/26/1999) Hasley, Louis The Arizona Quarterly, Vol.27, 1971, pp. 241-250 http://www.galenet.com/servelet/LitRC/(10/26/1999)

Roamler

Roamler One of the interviews we did during our Europe-trip was an interview with both co-founders of  Amsterdams start-up called Roamler   Wiggert de Haan and Martijn Nijhuis. The idea of Roamler as a start-up to collect location based insights for market research purposes.We asked Wiggert and Martijn about their path to an entrepreneur, about the business model of Roamler, and the market development of the market research over the last years. Both co-founders shared also their advices for the first time entrepreneurs.Martin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful Amsterdam with Roamler. Who are you and what do you do?Wiggert: I am Wiggert de Haan, co-founder of Roamler, and together with my friend we tried to build a global workforce for small tasks.Martijn: Yeah, and I am Martijn. With Roamler we collect and report location based insights. Therefore, we use a very intelligent, smartphone-based platform, and we use thousands of people, consumer like you and me that use this smartphone technolo gy to collect all these insights, report them to us, and then make money with it. Three years ago we were one of the first companies that really made it possible for consumers to make money with their iPhone, which was pretty unique.Martin: Can you walk us through the business model. How does it work technically, I know that people download the app, what do they do with it?Martijn: I don’t think we would worry with all the technical stuff, but the principle is very pretty easy. If our customer, like a big fast-moving brand, wants to know of 500 supermarket locations whether their product is on the shelf, available, then we just drill that down to a very small task that we make available in all the supermarkets. The Roamler consumer picks it up in his smartphone, he gets a notification once he passes the supermarket, and says, okay I can go into the supermarket, count the number of products of this brand, and I take a picture of it, and he gets all the information, he sends it thro ugh the app. Then we have a validation team, reviewing team, and they say you did your job well or you didn’t do well, if he did it well he gets accepted, our Roamler, the consumer, gets his couple of Euros, and our customer directly online gets the insights reported in an online portal. So that’s a little bit of the process. If you talk from the financial point of view, Roamler gets its credits, like two, three, four Euros for an audit, and our customer pays a little bit more, and the rest is to invest in our business.Martin: So basically there is a two sided model. First you need to acquire some individuals like having some app installs, and then on the other hand you do require someone to be the customer. How do you manage this kind of balance, because if you go to the corporate and tell them you could use our services but right now we don’t have a lot of individuals using our platform, or the other way round, how do you make this model work with having the two sides availa ble?Wiggert: In the beginning it is the chicken and egg problem of course. But you can start by putting in the task yourself. So in the beginning when we started here in Amsterdam we put down tasks for all the different locations and allowing the community to grow. And once we had a community base it was very interesting for fast-moving consumer goods manufacturers. You don’t need too many Roamlers to have a workforce. If you have a couple of thousand Roamlers per country you can do very well.Martin: Okay, but did you focus on specific cities first on specific areas in the Netherlands?Martijn: In the Nether lands we started with nationwide.Martin: Okay. Because I would have assumed that you would have to generate a specific density in one place so you can sell this kind of dense network to fast-moving consumer companies, for example?Martijn: Well, the Netherlands is one dense area. It’s pretty densely populated throughout the country. It’s a different story in Germany, for ins tance, or in Chili, in South America, where we are also active, there’s like two big cities, one in the center and one up in the North, and that’s like 80% of the economy. So it is a totally different landscape there as compared to Holland. And there we do a city by city approach. In Holland we did just a national rollout at once.Martin: How do you acquire the individual customers? How do you generate the app installs?Wiggert: Pretty much there they acquire it themselves. We like to have a system where they can find other Roamler, so as a Roamler you can find another Roamler, and by doing this the Roamler tells the story of Roamler to the other Roamler, making sure that the conversion is as high as possible. Because before you’re allowed to do commercial tasks, tasks that we could have for our customers, you have to do ten tasks to really get to know the system, and we go to their boot camp, and if you are failing during a boot camp, it’s not a win for us of course. So the b etter you know about the concept before you start, the better chances are you can get to level two where you can do commercial tasks.Martijn: Then there is one other thing. At least in Holland, but in very many countries that we’re active in, if you start telling consumers that they can make money with their iPhone or their smartphone just by performing very easy workaround tasks, you don’t need to say too much more to convince them to join the crowd. People like to earn an extra buck.Martin: And they’re simple tasks, as you said, just taking pictures?Martijn: It’s simple, and it’s also convenient because you have to go to the supermarket to get your groceries, so we just invite you once you’re there toâ€"Martin: Pay for your grocery.Martijn: Yeah, we make it a little bit easier for you, and you just have to go to the soda shelf or the beer shelf or the diaper shelf, take some notes, make a picture, and that’s it.Martin: Great. Let’s talk briefly about the corporate strategy. Who do you perceive are your biggest competitors in Europe or in the Netherlands? And what does it take to outperform them?Martijn: In Europe when we started there was no competition. There were two initiatives in the US which were similar to ours, they started a couple of months earlier. In Europe there was nothing, so it was a very luxury situation, but then again we were not Europe, we were in Holland. Then about nine months later there was a first copy concept in Holland, they’re still a competitor. And during the past three years, ten, fifteen, twenty initiatives have started throughout Europe. At the moment most of the competition is local, and we know the way that we can keep in front of them, stay in front of them, it’s just to really get the European footprint, because we are convinced that we are still Europe’s biggest player in terms of coverage. If we really have a solid footprint throughout Europe then we will remain and become more interesting for our c ustomers who are also very regional orientated.Martin: So is it that fast-moving consumer goods companies are more global, that’s why they want to have this kind of global footprint and access, because they want to look at the stores in Germany, Italy, etc., and if you have people using your app there then this is the competitive advantage, that’s why you want to scale very fast in these kinds of areas?Wiggert: I think so. Scale is an advantage, and also we see a lot of competitors focusing more on the infrastructure, having also a broad variety of applications. I think here again focus is key as well, so focus on retail, focus on really what the marketing manager is worrying about, or the people responsible for on-shelf availability. Also having a closer fit to your business, something that we really try to do. At least for some of the competitors we see they have greater infrastructure, for example you have to review the task yourself, which is fine, but I think it is having a bit of focus or different focus works for us.Martin: How did the corporates do their market research four or five years ago when no company like yours existed in Europe?Martijn: Market research is about locations based insights which we focus on. They didn’t do it. Or they used their own field force for it, or their hired field force, which was very expensive. To give you an explanation â€" which was also the explanation for this business model â€" in my previous company we had a project in which on a monthly basis we had to visit three hundred random bus stations to collect some data from those bus stations. We did that with physical people that we put in the car with a Tom Tom Sat Nav, with a picture camera, with a question list, all that was collected and sent to the office, then data entry, you can imagine it’s pretty time and money intensive. That’s how we did that before.Wiggert: Now you can do it in a single morning.Martijn: Yeah, now you can do it in a single morning. So we cut out a lot of staff, we cut out personnel, we don’t need staff anymore, we cut out mileage, people don’t have to drive to a specific location because we know that you are in the vicinity of the location already. So we cut out the most expensive parts of that process, and time of course.Martin: And it’s variable.Wiggert: Yes. I think all the competitors in the market are companies like GFK, companies that provide retail insights, although they are focused most of the time on consumer research and consumer data, that will be something that they will do as well, and we can deliver it at a fraction of their price.Martin: How big is this location based market in Netherlands or in Europe?Martijn: I’ve no idea. No, really, it’s big. We can look at our revenue, but that’s not the market. I think where we are now it can be at times five to ten in the Netherlands. It doesn’t tell you anything but it is alike an indication. I really can’t put a number on it. It can be a hundred million Mark, it can be a billion Mark, I really am not sure.Wiggert: And still a market that needs to be created as well. I think that the thing we’re doing, since it’s more accessible for companies, we are creating a market that wasn’t there. So we’ll have to see how big we can get the market.Martin: We share some very cool insights with our readers based on your personal experience. You wanted to share some experience on what sales errors first time entrepreneurs are making or that sales is very important, and the second thing is that every entrepreneur should focus on staying fit and healthy. What can you tell us for the first point?Martijn: Well, we can start lecturing sales for hours. [chuckles] It is not that we know the exact number or the recipe, but we know not only from this company but also from other companies that we have had before, you can have a brilliant idea, product, technical concept, whatever you have, it doesn’t come to the market without anybody selling it. So sales is in our DNA so it’s the first step. We take sales very seriously in terms of the entire process. It’s like written in a book, we follow the rules as far as creating your segmentation, who are your prospective customers, put them on the list, make a sales script, and start making phone calls. Of course you start with a playfield of people that you know, but you run out of them at some point. So they really have to just follow the rules, make phone calls, learn from each phone call and make your next phone call better. Make volumes, don’t spend your day making five phone calls, make thirty phone calls or fifty phone calls. And then it is all going to be sales funneled, then you have a thousand phone calls, and then you have business meetings, you have follow-up meetings, you negotiate, and then all of sudden you have ten customers. The better you get at managing that process, the higher your conversion will be. I think we did a good job but we coul d do way better if we invested more in sales right from the beginning three years ago. We advise it to our partners too. So we tell them this is your framework business guys, you need project management, and you need community management, you need finance, blah, blah, blah, but sales is at the top. Even before you go live in your country you have to take a three-month period to initiate sales with two people.Martin: What do you advise technical firms, because in Europe most firms are technically based. How can they change their mindset or maybe find another co-founder who has this kind of sales mindset?Wiggert: I think that’s maybe the solution, find another co-founder who really goes for marketing, because when we started Roamler we actually got the idea December 30th, and before we made an agreement with each other that we need to find customers before we go live, because we were both running quite a successful company. We did not want to leave the other companies when there was nothing to go to. So we decided we don’t need to be customers, we need to have this proof concept, both technical and businesswise. So selling is something that we really started from the beginning.Martijn: Yeah. We even had the first contract before we even had the app. We just had a PowerPoint slide and just some drawings, and we just told imaginary stories. And I think that’s another thing for technical startups, don’t only start selling once you think it’s ready, that’s some kind of fear that a lot of people have, “It’s not ready, it’s not read yet, so I’m not going to talk to people because it’s not ready yet.” We said we have an idea, on February 1st 2011 we had a phone call, he called me and he said if you’re not going to do anything with it I am going to take that business. I said, okay, if you’re not going to do it I’m going to the business. So we joined forces. And then we just went to potential clients and we just told them imaginary stories. Imagine that we can market research locations relevant for you within two days. And they were like, “What? If you can do that, we might be your partner.” We said, okay, we think we can do that. So, especially for technical startups, start sharing it before it’s even on the table. Just tell your idea, and the sharing also goes with sharing the entire cake. I see a lot of fear where people say I have this brilliant idea and then they talk to family and friends about it, and then they might get as far as saying we have to get somebody who works it out with you, but I’m not giving away my share and it’s mine and blah, blah, blah, the possessive attitude. And I think that kills everything, because if you start sharing it, not only by telling the story but also sharing it literally by saying you know how to sell, you’re good at sales, so you take a piece of the cake, because the cake eventually starts growing.Martin:   If you can’t sell a product then your company is worth z ero, and 100% of zero is less than something of a bigger cake. You do a lot of sports Martijn. Tell us what you would advise first-time entrepreneurs to do for staying physically and mentally fit?Wiggert: That’s a tip that I got three years ago from another entrepreneur who I told about Roamler and the adventure that we were starting, and he said there is a lot of things going to happen if this becomes a successful startup, the world will be all over you and you will be flying in the air, it’s very hard to keep your feet on the ground, blah, blah, blah, and other things might happen. He said there is only one thing that really matters â€" stay fit. And stay fit in terms of physical fitness, not over weight, eat well, do a lot of sports, but also mentally fit, take your rest, even start meditating. I don’t really meditate on a regular basis, but I try, and especially now I’m in a very active mode in terms of sports. It’s all relative, because it’s where I came from. But i f you do nothing then you will lose. I do more now, but I really start feeling the benefits in terms of sleeping well, in terms of having the feeling that I work less and produce more. I think it’s one of the most important lesson for life, but especially for entrepreneurs who really come like bull’s eye with an idea and then everybody is all over them and then it is very difficult to keep your feet on the ground and really stay fit.So we’ve had an initiative in this company where a friend if ours started this seven day recharge programs, and we decided to join that program with the entire company. That program consist of just conscious living throughout one week, which is pretty easy, seven day. But it came down to no coffee, no alcohol, a lot of exercising, meditation, yoga, no connectivity in terms of mobile and internet after 8:30 p.m., wake up without snoozing, all small and big stuff which is doable within a week. And after that week some of those aspects just stated to become part of the program. I know that to make a change in your program it takes 21 days, but seven days is a good start. So conscious living, conscious eating became part of the company.Martin: Okay, thank you very much Martijn and Wiggert for you time.

Minority Marketing - 1869 Words

The Reconstruction Period And it’s Impact Following the Civil War History 121: American History to 1877 10 December 2011 The Reconstruction era was the attempt to restore the Union after the Civil War or The War for Southern Independence. Its perception was viewed differently by Southerners, Northerners, and newly freed former slaves. After the Union won the war in 1865, their job was to begin the reconstruction of the Unites States. This era started at the end of the Civil War in 1865 and ended in1877. The goal was to reunite the southern states and ensure freedom and civil rights of the southern blacks. It could be more accurate to say that Reconstruction began with the war. From the moment the war began, Lincoln†¦show more content†¦In reality, Southerners became more and more embittered being treated as second- class citizens, at best, while the Republican Party set up puppet governments that seemed to perpetually raise taxes with very little, if anything, to show for the taxes in terms of public benefits. The so-called Reconstruction only poured salt into the nations wounds an inevitable consequence of the precedents established by Lincoln in disregarding constitutional liberties and international law for the sake of politics.5 The Republican Party essentially plundered the South for twelve more years by instituting puppet governments that constantly raised taxes but provided very few benefits. Much of the money was simply stolen by the Republican Party activists and their business supporters. The adult male ex-slaves were immediately given the right to vote in the South (even though blacks could not vote in several Northern States), while most white male southerners were disenfranchised. Former Union General and newspaper editor Donn Piatt, a close Lincoln confidant, expressed the opinion that using ex-slaves as political pawns in such a corrupt way poisoned race relations in the South beyond repair at a time when racial reconciliation should have been the primary objective.6 Before further addressing the post war effects of Reconstruction, a key question that must be addressed is; why didn’t LincolnShow MoreRelatedMarketing Questions Week 2: Marketing Practices Targeting Minorities453 Words   |  2 Pages2A Targeting minorities in marketing practices is a sound business practice. The definition of a minority in todays world is flexible. 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Kramarae focused on feminism and how women do not feel free to express and speak their mind because they

Machiavellis perspectives on the relationship between a prince and his army - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Niccolo Machiavelli Essay Did you like this example? Civil-military relations in The Prince are marked by collaboration between the prince [or statesman] and his army; the prince must make sure to retain the respect and admiration of his soldiers, who he shall command to defend the principality and lay siege to the towns of adversaries. However, this is not a partnership of equals. The military is a tool that may be utilized for the acquisition of political power by princes who hope to upend a states existing political structure or by princes who hope to consolidate their power; soldiers may be jettisoned by princes who deem that the tactical value they provide is no longer commensurate with their political aims. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Machiavellis perspectives on the relationship between a prince and his army" essay for you Create order This notion is evident in Machiavellis discussion of soldiers and their utility to an enterprising prince. He posits that a prince may defend his state with his own army, the support of a mercenary army, an auxiliary army, or some combination of these; mercenary and auxiliary armies are pesky and are unlikely to be loyal to the princes regime forasmuch as they lack the unity of spirit and the discipline necessary to act in a manner that is faithful to the princes aims. Mercenaries and auxiliaries are disloyal, Machiavelli writes, because their services have been retained through the payment of a stipend and they have no real motivation to sacrifice themselves in service of the princes agenda. This notion illuminates Machiavellis realist views on the treatment of soldiers and the chief objective of the army; the army exists to do the bidding of the statesman, and casualties are justified inasmuch as they advance his aims. A prince must remain cognizant of the designs of mercenary and auxiliary troops and leverage them prudently. When the emperor of Constantinople leveraged auxiliary support to antagonize the Greeks, the result was the eventual relinquishment of his control over those soldiers forasmuch as they were in thrall to another leader and thus had no incentive to obey the emperor. Thus, a prince must consider not only what an army might accomplish, but whether or not that army might one day challenge the princes authority. For Machiavelli, t he means by which an armys support was acquired carries dire implications for its ability to imperil the princes political position. He writes that laziness is a vice in dealing with mercenaries because they are not united when their support is bought and a failure to dispose of them swiftly will be ruinous for the prince, and virtue is an impediment in dealing with auxiliary arms because an unsuspecting princes faith in such an army will later be exploited. Inasmuch as virtue and laziness are to be considered ineffectual in a princes efforts to administer foreign armies, the prince must value another skill in his dealings with these groups. He must recognize the utility of politically expedient decision-making and be willing to employ cruelty to achieve his ends. When the unison and faith of the populace, military or otherwise, are in question, a prince should not care about the infamy of cruelty, writes Machiavelli. Expedience lies at the heart of Machiavellis realism and he alludes to it in his assessment of Cesare Borgias treatment of auxiliary armies. He writes that Cesare entered Romagna with auxiliary arms and leveraged their capabilities to conquer Imola and Forl? ¬; he later acquired the support of mercenaries, the Orsini and Vitelli, and upon discovery of their seditiousness, assassinated them. In Machiavellis view, whilst Cesares expedient leadership and willingness to readily eliminate threats to his authority enabled him to consolidate power in Italy, he was never more respected than when the populace observed that he was the commander of his own army. In such a fashion, an army comprised of a statesmans own men enacts a dual-function in bolstering the statesmans mandate and wherewithal to rule. For one, an army owned and commanded solely by the prince ensures that the princes directives shall be executed faithfully and judiciously; moreover, citizens, as the aforementioned evidence has shown, could be more likely to accept a new princes role as the administrator of the state and a fiduciary of their interests if they saw that he commanded his own army. Hiero of Syracuse, in Machiavellis view, represents another exemplar of expedient leadership. He writes that when he was made the leader of the army by the Syracusans, he suspected that the military would fail to serve his aims due to a lack of fealty to his agenda and elected to eliminate them and procure an army of his own. The employment of cruelty, as the foregoing cases have indicated, was necessary for the preservation of authority over subjects whose fealty would bolster the stability of the princes reign. The equation of expedient decision-making to virtue is central to the articulation of Machiavellis realism. Machiavelli, in describing the reign of Hannibal and his treatment of soldiers, comments on the leaders expedient employment of cruelty as crucial to his success as a commander; he first posits that no prince can unite and command his forces if he preoccupies himself with an aversion to cruelty. The lack of opposition to Hannibals reign by his large and diverse army may be attributed to his cruelty, which always made him venerable and terrible in the sight of his soldiers. In this way, it is posited that Hannibals cruelty was justified insofar as it enabled him to retain control of his armies and conquer foreign lands without encountering subterfuge. Machiavellis perspectives on the relationship between a prince and his army illuminate his criticism of the idealist position. The evidence has shown that for Machiavellis prince, soldiers exist merely as an appendage of the state, to satisfy the princes political objectives. While having ones own army is preferable to using mercenary and auxiliary armies, the latter armies can still be used to consolidate political power and then eliminated when it is determined that they may no longer be relied upon. Thus, it may be argued that Machiavellis prince should not preoccupy himself with enabling soldiers to strive for goodness. They are tools to be exploited in the pursuit of power and it is important for the prince to engage in posturing to curry their favor when necessary; Severus, for instance, was able to rule without significant challenges because he was viewed as admirable in the eyes of his soldiers and satisfied them. Hiero of Syracuse, contrarily, resorted to violence to gain co ntrol of his armies and instill reverence for his rule in the eyes of his servicemen. Machiavellis realist view does not see men as capable or deserving of empowerment and trust; he writes that men are ungrateful, fickle, pretenders and dissemblers, and eager for gain. For this reason, a prince must not hesitate to be cruel and ought to be willing to manipulate his men to deter internal strife. Machiavellis realism is rooted in a utilitarian calculus that rewards expediency above naivete; he writes that a prince will win praise by working to achieve his ends because men value appearances and artifice. It may be argued that Machiavellis beliefs align closely with Mearsheimers contemporary realism. Mearsheimer holds that states make decisions with security and survival as their highest goals; uncertain of the intentions their rivals and fearful of being subjugated by aggressors, states endeavor to develop offensive military capabilities and alliances with willing collaborators to ensure their safety. Machiavellis prince behaves in a similar manner by utilizing the military as the vessel for his expansionist, security-focused aims. His relationship with soldiers is one marked by exploitation and manipulation because he is the sole decision-maker.

Why Everybody Is Talking About Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples...The Simple Truth Revealed

Why Everybody Is Talking About Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples...The Simple Truth Revealed Before getting started, you can earn a list of the principal particulars and events. You are able to also be more specific on how you want to describe your subject. You need to try to use dominant and specific information. Each and every detail of a specific subject plays an important role in developing a visual representation for such. If you need an example written by means of a student check out our vast group of absolutely free student models. Go at your own pace and you'll surely get the greatest possible grade! In any case, very often students may decide on any topic they like. When writing a descriptive essay you must pay attention to a range of factors. You can't ever be too thorough when it has to do with reading the essay over again and checking for any places that must be reworked. A descriptive essay presents an individual, place, or thing, in a manner that readers feel as though it's in front of their eyes, or they are tasting it, or they can hear this, or they can smell it. Descriptive Essay on Market can be employed by tourists or visitors that don't have any prior understanding of a marketplace. You can be requested to describe literally anything, so it's important to get solid writing skills and personal opinion on a broad array of topics. Not simply it's ok to mix certain topics like events and memories, but in actuality, it's highly appreciated. The sensory details should create for the reader the exact picture you have in your thoughts. If you're given complete freedom in selecting descriptive essay topics, you're a lucky student as you can write on whatever you want. When choosing the topic you will discuss, you should guarantee you will be fully mindful of the features of the subject so that you can easily describe it to readers. Seamlessly applying the new complex vocabulary learned in the present level is the most suitable means of exercising language abilities. Whether or not you require descriptive writing examples of an individual, place, or emotion you will need a great example to follow. The more you want to know more about and connected to the subject, the simpler it is going to be to interest your reader, so should you describe an individual, pick a person whose characteristics stand out to you. Getting creative and descriptive can on occasion be a challenge. The description is made as a way to help the reader to observe something similar from the writer's perspective. The above mentioned abstract has offered you a couple ideas. The Basic Facts of Grade 6 Descriptive Essay Samples You may also read your essay to other individuals to obtain their feedback. For this reason, you can remain assured that while we're working on your essays, you do not have to be worried about anything. Among the most well-known forms of essays it is crucial to grasp how to write one. If you don't know anything about descriptive essays you should certainly search for descriptive essay examples, which you are able to discover online, together with at Professays.com. The main matter to be mindful about in personal descriptive essay is that there shouldn't be any over-exaggeration. The exact first step in writing a descriptive essay is to select your topic. A decent descriptive essay indicates the reader rather than telling him. It comes from a knowledgeable and imaginative mind. In addition, it is possible to also take a look at our Argumentative Essay templates. Templates like Descriptive Essay about Office can be helpful for an individual who's planning to stop by an office. As you begin writing more descriptive essays, make sure that you paint a photo of your character. Imagine you have an assignment of writing a superior descriptive essay. As all our writers are gurus in academic writing, you can come across essays on several different descriptive essay topics that will help in your case. You should remain creative in deciding upon the words for your essay, so attempt to prevent cliches throughout the paper.

Media in Modern Era for Television and Radio- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMedia in Modern Erafor Television and Radio. Answer: Media Matters Media is a collective communication tool that is used in order to store and deliver data. It is an important channel of communication in the society like that of newspaper, television and radio. It goes back to the days of the ancient era when cave paintings were used in order to solve the purpose of communication. The word communication has been derived from that of the Latin root communicare. The importance of media is in the fact that it addresses a large target audience. Initially, it was used in reference to books along with newspapers however with the advent of technology it now encompasses the use of internet, movies and television (Van Dalen, de Vreese and Albk 2017). Media is essential in fulfilling the daily needs of man and it proves to be an important factor in shaping the public opinion. It is the main arm of democracy. It protects the interest of the public against corruption and malpractice. Media matters in the modern world as it performs the three important functions - inform, entertain and educate. Life without media is indispensable in the modern world and media matters as it helps people to know about important events going on in the world and at the same time provides entertainment to people. Mass Media plays the important role of educating people about important social issues. Information is an important feature in the modern world. Information Society is a term that is used for a society in which the manipulation of information has emerged to become the most important cultural activity. The information society can be contrasted with with the societies where the economic underpinning was mainly industrial. Machine tools in relation to Information Society are that of computers and telecommunications instead of ploughs. Marshall Mac Luhan has very aptly predicted that communication media would change the world into that of a global village. In Theories of The Information Society, Frank Webster talks about information explosion and examines the post-war theories in relation to information society. The presence of information is visible everywhere and in modern times life is unthinkable without e-mail or virtual reality. The politicians in the modern age take the advantage of their positions and thus an evil nexus of self-serving political leaders along with crime syndicate is wreaking havoc on the lives of the common man. The money of the tax payer is being wasted for serving the political gain of the powerful. Media matters as it has an important role to play in the public and it should serve the broader needs of the society. It is the fourth pillar of democracy. The judiciary, executive along with legislature has an important role to play in regard to injustice and oppression (Lourentzou et al., 2015). Media too has a crucial role to play to ward off the evil factors and malpractices prevailing in the society. It is hence an integral part in relation to human civilization. World Wide Web has led to the emergence of electronic media with the help of which a common man can express their opinion with the help of blogs and posts. Social media thus serves the need of reaching a diversified industry and carries out campaign against corruption and nepotism. The original intention of media was in relation to the entertainment of masses. The primary purpose of radio, cinema and magazine was to focus on programs that were entertaining (Lukin 2013). Growing population along with developing lifestyle has increased the demand for entertainment. It helps in informing people about the latest happenings that is occurring around the world. They cover the different areas of interest like that of politics, fashion and finance. The need for news has risen in the modern age owing to the complex nature of society (Strmbck, Falasca and Kruikemeier, 2017). Media plays an essential role in building the nation. It helps in bringing the common man close to their leaders. The med ia helps in revealing important details about political scenarios. Media also plays a pivotal role in educating the people. There are different agencies in the society that makes use of power of media in order to disseminate message to the public. It can warn the public against that of the natural calamity like that of the storm or during an epidemic. The businesses make use of media in order to sell the products. They thus help in enhancing a business. A lot of money is invested in media in order to market a particular product (Jiao, Veiga and Walther 2016). Media has deviated a lot from its original intention to serve the interests of people. They have moved a lot away from that of serving the audience and is continuously waging terror campaigns. They promote political candidates that are dangerous and they do not present any path to the audience to alleviate them of the horrors of the world. Their sole agenda is to spread their influence in the lives of ordinary people irrespective of the fact whether they are being honest in their principles. They want to move the psychological state of the audiences towards an emotion of uncertainty and fear (Olteanu et al., 2015). They want to spread fear uncertainty along with that of doubt with the help of broadcasting events. Media promotes the source material for the terrorists and politicians. It plays a malevolent role in the modern society mainly aimed at dividing people who will then be pitted against each other. News are delivered using the platform of social media in such a manner that it arouses panic in the people and they would continue to be glued to the particular tv channel for a long time thus helping in increasing the revenue of the particular tv channel. News media should help in building up systems that aids co-operation but unfortunately in the modern age in breaks down the will power of the users to unite. It is thus contributing in creating divisions in the people. Mainstream media is thus dividing the people into groups and giving rise to a divisive mentality (Stier 2015). The way things are shown in advertisements is mainly aimed at attracting people so that they would be lured to buy a particular product. Wrong facts are often delivered in advertisements that prove to be troublesome for the lives of the common man. The pubic gets seduced by the high sounding words of the advertisements and are forced to try out the new product. They spread lies and prove to be misleading for the average consumer (Garz 2014). The advertisements have been created in suc h a manner that the audience is unable to control themselves and gets a misleading picture. The term Panem et Circenses was coined by the Poet Juvenal in order to highlight the fact that the major part of the population wanted to opt for cheap food along with that of entertainment in order to solve significant problems. The news media aggravates incidents and show them to the public in order to serve their narrow interest and attract the attention of the public. They do not have any ethical principles and the only thing that matters to them is their narrow profit. The news media is spreading gasoline in the fires and they are also getting paid in turn by the advertisers (Kilgo 2016). The media hence works for the terrorists and spreads the message of fear. With the help of a limited budget, the terrorists are thus able to reach every single family in a state by taking recourse to the platform of media. Media, terrorists along with corrupt politicians thus share a professional pact and is spreading the fangs of evil in the society. The media with the help of their negative p ropaganda is thus able to make a lot of money (Bednarek 2016). No one wants to abide by any moral principles in the arena of media and they do not want to serve any useful, positive purpose in the society. Noam Chomsky is famous for his Propaganda Model and this model focuses of inequality in relation to wealth and power and the different effects that it has on mass-media interest. It helps in tracing the route through which money along with power filters out news that is fit to be printed. Raw material of news passes through several filters and leaves cleansed revenue for printing. The propaganda model is used in relation to the political economy and it was advanced by Edward Herman along with Noam Chomsky in order to explain the manner in which systematic bias function in the mass media. It points out how population gets manipulated and how an opinion is manufactured in the mind of the reader on account of the propaganda (Baden and Tenenboim-Weinblatt 2017). This theory highlights that the structuring of news is done in such a manner with the help of advertising that a conflict of interest is created which acts as propaganda in relation to the undemocratic forces. This model conceive s of private media as a business that is interested in the arena of selling a product as compared to that of the quality of the news. This theory lays forward five general filter that can help in determining the kind of news that is revealed in the news media. The five classes are ownership of medium, sourcing, anti-communism, flak and mediums funding sources (Stanig 2015). Authors have the idea that the first three are significant. In the words of Chomsky and Herman the theory can be applied to any country. A propaganda model focuses on the factor of inequality in relation to wealth and power. It states that with the help of money and power, news is filtered out to the public. In the words of this theory, media plays the role of a business that sells its products to that of other business entity. The media is moulding the news and according to Herman and Chomsky the factors that misshape the news act as filters. Elite domination of media along with marginalisation of dissidents occurs on account of the operation of filters that occurs very naturally. Media and news hardly operate with good will and they are able to convince themselves that they choose news and interpret it objectively which is on the basis of professional news value. Major part of the media organizations are in the power of the elites. A large part of the instruments of media belong to a large corporation. The news objectives are sacrificed in order to maximise the profit (Bennett 2017). Media helps in filtering the news by favouring the advertisement providers. Ethics in relation to mass media is often sacrificed in order to serve their narrow gains. Reporters along with camera persons cannot exist at the places where the event of news occurs. The media should play a crucial role to in protecting these sources and these sources often changes the policies in relation to the media. These kinds of relationships have to be buil t with these sources and the news are brought out keeping in mind the source (Bajomi-Lzr 2014). In the book Manufacturing Consent, it is stated that elite media interlocks with that of other institutional factors in order to circumscribe the ability so that they stay analytically detached from that of other dominant institutional sectors. The effective resultant of this is self-censorship without any kind of significant coercion (Graber and Dunaway 2017). The propaganda model states that the powerful people have individual objectives which are manifested in case of disagreements over the tactics. The mass media has veered a lot from its original intention to serve the public. Initially it was supposed to broadcast things in order to help the public gain knowledge about important issues and people. In the present age of technology, mass media moulds the news in order to serve the interests of the political parties. The propaganda model highlights this sinister role played by the media. The political parties, the government and the media houses have come together and are presenting the news in such a manner that they are able to gain from it (Lewis and Westlund 2015). The opinion gets implanted in the mind of the audience with the help of the propaganda of the media. In the words of the propaganda model, private media is thought of as a business that is solely interested in selling the product selling a product as compared to quality of news (Anderson and Kincaid 2013). Mass media is supposed to act as an intermediary vehicle that can reflect the public opinion and respond appr opriately to the concerns of the public. Mass media no longer serves the interest of the public but they express the viewpoints in such a manner that they obey the dictates of the ruling dispensation and serve their interest in order to gain from it. The principles of democracy rely to a great extent on the idea of a informed electorate (Simons 2016). The role of media does not have to be controlled or patterned but they are held to be important actors in relation to class warfare. They thus act together with that of other ideological sector in order to establish and reinforce corporate hegemony. On account of the interrelations between that of state along with corporate capitalism, propaganda model is often dismissed as conspiracy theory (Sutko 2014). It is condemned as overly deterministic view in relation to media behaviour. Media thus protects the interests of the dominant elite and it will mobilize in such a manner that will be functional for the dominant elites. Media thus mat ters to a great extent in the modern world of today as it serves the public interest and it helps in mobilizing sympathetic emotion for the victims. Media thus serves the political interest in many ways. Media is extremely effective in setting the agenda for the discussion of the public. It serves as a useful instrument in influencing the opinion of the public on wide ranging issues (Bergman 2014). The powerful people have individual objectives and media helps in serving those objectives by presenting a biased picture of the news. References: Anderson, J. and Kincaid, A.D., 2013. Media Subservience and Satirical Subversiveness: The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, The Propaganda Model and the Paradox of Parody.Critical Studies in Media Communication,30(3), pp.171-188. Baden, C. and Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., 2017. The search for common ground in conflict news research: Comparing the coverage of six current conflicts in domestic and international media over time.Media, War Conflict, p.1750635217702071. Bajomi-Lzr, P., 2014.Party Colonisation of the Media in Central and Eastern Europe: Modern Business Decision Making in Central and Eastern Europe. Central European University Press. Bednarek, M., 2016. Investigating evaluation and news values in news items that are shared through social media.Corpora,11(2), pp.227-257. Bennett, W.L., 2015. Changing societies, changing media systems: Challenges for communication theory, research and education.Can the Media Serve Democracy? Essays in Honour of Jay G. Blumler, pp.151-163. Bennett, W.L., 2017. PressGovernment Relations in a Changing Media Environment.The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, p.249. Bergman, T., 2014. The case for a Dutch propaganda model.International Journal of Communication,8, p.20. Garz, M., 2014. Good news and bad news: evidence of media bias in unemployment reports.Public Choice,161(3-4), pp.499-515. Graber, D.A. and Dunaway, J., 2017.Mass media and American politics. Cq Press. Jiao, P., Veiga, A. and Walther, A., 2016. Social media, news media and the stock market. Kilgo, D.K., 2016. Media Landscape on Tumblr: News organization convergence attributes in youth-oriented social media networks.Digital Journalism,4(6), pp.784-800. Lewis, S.C. and Westlund, O., 2015. Big data and journalism: Epistemology, expertise, economics, and ethics.Digital Journalism,3(3), pp.447-466. Lourentzou, I., Dyer, G., Sharma, A. and Zhai, C., 2015, October. Hotspots of news articles: Joint mining of news text social media to discover controversial points in news. InBig Data (Big Data), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 2948-2950). IEEE. Lukin, A., 2013. Journalism, ideology and linguistics: The paradox of Chomskys linguistic legacy and his propaganda model.Journalism,14(1), pp.96-110. Olteanu, A., Castillo, C., Diakopoulos, N. and Aberer, K., 2015. Comparing events coverage in online news and social media: The case of climate change. InProceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media(No. EPFL-CONF-211214). Simons, G., 2016.Mass media and modern warfare: Reporting on the Russian war on terrorism. Routledge. Stanig, P., 2015. Regulation of speech and media coverage of corruption: An empirical analysis of the Mexican Press.American Journal of Political Science,59(1), pp.175-193. Stier, S., 2015. Democracy, autocracy and the news: the impact of regime type on media freedom.Democratization,22(7), pp.1273-1295. Strmbck, J., Falasca, K. and Kruikemeier, S., 2017. The Mix of Media Use Matters: Investigating the Effects of Individual News Repertoires on Offline and Online Political Participation.Political Communication. Sutko, D.M., 2014. Book Review: Brian Michael Goss Rebooting the Herman Chomsky Propaganda Model in the twenty-first century.Journalism,15(5), pp.655-656. Van Dalen, A., de Vreese, C. and Albk, E., 2017. Economic news through the magnifying glass: How the media cover economic boom and bust.Journalism Studies,18(7), pp.890-909.

Marxist Ideology Essays - Political Philosophy, Politics, Thought

Marxist Ideology "Capital is not personal, but social power and product." (Karl Marx) Karl Marx, perhaps one of the most influential philosophers in history, is widely remembered for the revolutionizing ideologies he presented in the Communist Manifesto. Marx was certainly a man of great intelligence and vision. His many visions about capitalistic development are constantly reflected in today's society. Job alienation is certainly rampant. Most individuals have a "TGIF; Monday sucks" mentality. To most people work rather than happiness is the meaning of life; nothing is ever enough?everyone wants more, More, MORE. The bourgeois are running things, as a large portion of the world's resources and wealth is in the hands of a select few. The immediate question that then comes to mind is whether this is advantageous to society. To correctly answer this deep question, one must look at the pros and cons of the socialist ideology. In theory, socialism has several observable benefits. For one, the equality of humankind presents itself as an important theme. The capitalistic bourgeois/proletariat relationship that exists is destroyed. Consequently, the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeois is non-existent. Work now takes on a different meaning?instead of being the result of greed and necessity, work becomes a means of helping and interacting with society. In the truest form of communism, acquiring wealth is an unnecessary evil?instead society provides the individual with an adequate standard of living and vice versa. Ultimately, an ideal communist state is practically a Utopia. Marx clearly predicted that a state of Utopia would form with a transition from communism. (Marx detailed steps to reaching Utopia include: primitive socialism feudalism capitalismsocialism communism Utopia.) While communism has its benefits, the reality of reaching these benefits is literally non-existent. Even Marx predicted that this would be the case!?he said that in the presence of capitalism, communism will lose. This is a very interesting statement, and clearly implies that the socialistic ideology is not perfect. Communism is a Utopia, and therefore it arguably cannot exist. Communism calls for the cooperation of too many individuals. Everyone would have to be a productive member of society. Politicians and government officials would have to govern flawlessly. Any form of corruption could not be tolerated, as it could bring about total anarchy and downfall. In addition to these troublesome"technicalities," the idea of public goods does not always result in the desired outcome. For example, imagine the creation of a public lawnmower. As opposed to a private owner who would try to preserve the longevity of the lawnmower, the public would have no real incentive to take care of the lawnmower. Certainly, private ownership provides to the preservation of goods and resources. Also, take into consideration the status of the US public school system as compared to the US private school system. Private schools have done remarkably better at producing better results and using less money when compared to US public schools. To an extent this can also be said for private health care?in comparing England's and Canada's health care systems to that of the US. Lastly, the communist ideology destroys competition. With no competition people do not have an incentive to advance. Inferior products that lack quality and improvement are made. Inferior services that lack needed advancement?such as health care?are provided. This is not to say that this is the case with all services and products. However, without competition there is no real desire to change the norm, regardless of how good or bad it is. This would be especially damaging to advances in medicine, science, and research.

How Bat Echolocation Works

How Bat Echolocation Works Echolocation is the combined use of morphology (physical features) and sonar (SOund NAvigation and Ranging) that allows  bats  to see using sound. A bat uses its larynx to produce ultrasonic waves that are emitted through its mouth or nose. Some bats also produce clicks using their tongues. The bat hears the echoes that are returned and compares the time between when the signal was sent and returned and the shift in the frequency of the sound to form a map of its surroundings. While no bat is completely blind, the animal can use sound to see in absolute darkness. The sensitive nature of a bats ears enables it to find prey by passive listening, too. Bat ear ridges act as an acoustic Fresnel lens, allowing a bat to hear the movement of ground-dwelling insects and the flutter of insect wings. How Bat Morphology Aids Echolocation Some of a bats physical adaptations are visible. A wrinkled fleshy nose acts as a megaphone to project sound. The complex shape, folds, and wrinkles of a bats outer ear help it receive and funnel incoming sounds. Some key adaptations are internal. The ears contain numerous receptors that allow bats to detect tiny frequency changes. A bats brain maps the signals and even accounts for the Doppler effect flying has on echolocation. Just before a bat emits a sound, the tiny bones of the inner ear separate to reduce the animals hearing sensitivity, so it doesnt deafen itself. Once the larynx muscles contract, the middle ear relaxes and the ears can receive the echo. Types of Echolocation There are two main types of echolocation: Low-duty-cycle echolocation allows bats to estimate their distance from an object based on the difference between the time a sound is emitted and when the echo returns. The call a bat makes for this form of echolocation is among the loudest airborne sounds produced by any animal. The signal intensity ranges from 60 to 140 decibels, which the equivalent to the sound emitted by a smoke detector 10 centimeters away. These calls are ultrasonic and generally outside the range of human hearing. Humans hear within the frequency range of 20 to 20,000 Hz, while microbats emit calls from 14,000 to over 100,000 Hz.High-duty cycle echolocation gives bats information about the motion and three-dimensional location of prey. For this type of echolocation, a bat emits a continuous call while listening to the change in the frequency of the returned echo. Bats avoid deafening themselves by emitting a call outside their frequency range. The echo is lower in frequency, falling within the optimal range f or their ears. Tiny changes in frequency may be detected. For example, the horseshoe bat can detect frequency differences as small as 0.1 Hz. While most bat calls are ultrasonic, some species emit audible echolocation clicks. The spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) makes a sound that resembles two rocks striking each other. The bat listens for the delay of the echo. Bat calls are complicated, generally consisting of a mixture of constant frequency (CF) and frequency modulated (FM) calls. High-frequency calls are used more often because they offer detailed information about the speed, direction, size, and distance of prey. Low-frequency calls travel further and are mainly used to map immobile objects. How Moths Beat Bats Moths are popular prey for bats, so some species have developed methods to beat echolocation. The tiger moth  (Bertholdia trigona)  jams the ultrasonic sounds. Another species advertises its presence by generating its own ultrasonic signals. This allows bats to identify and avoid poisonous or distasteful prey. Other moth species have an organ called a tympanum that reacts to incoming ultrasound by causing the moths flight muscles to twitch. The moth flies erratically, so its harder for a bat to catch. Other Incredible Bat Senses In addition to echolocation, bats use other senses unavailable to humans. Microbats can see in low light levels. Unlike humans, some see ultraviolet light. The saying blind as a bat doesnt apply to megabats at all, as these species see as well as, or better than, humans. Like birds, bats can sense magnetic fields. While birds use this ability to sense their latitude, bats use it to tell north from south. References Corcoran, Aaron J.; Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2009). Tiger moth jams bat sonar. Science. 325 (5938): 325–327.Fullard, J. H. (1998). Moth Ears and Bat Calls: Coevolution or Coincidence?. In Hoy, R. R.; Fay, R. R.; Popper, A. N. Comparative Hearing: Insects. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Springer.Nowak, R. M., editor (1999).  Walkers Mammals of the World.  Vol. 1. 6th edition. Pp.  264–271.Surlykke, A.; Ghose, K.; Moss, C. F. (April 2009). Acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (Pt 7): 1011–20.

Academic Writing and Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic Writing and Presentation - Essay Example These people also have different needs in their lives which impact on the performance of the organization in different ways. Whilst there are certain challenges that are likely to be encountered when four generations work in one organization, it can be noted that there are also opportunities for this scenario. The findings of the article include the following: employers must make an effort to identify the characteristics of each generation of employees working in the organization since this can impact on their performance. The employers must also be in a position to build an environment that promotes productivity among all generations since they may have different perceptions towards their work. The managers should also promote mentor programs in the organization that are meant to promote learning and knowledge sharing among generational diversity in the company. It is also important for the managers to create an environment that promotes mutual understanding among the employees belonging to different generations. This helps to prevent conflicts which are often viewed as counterproductive in the operations of the organization. The main purpose of the paper was to illustrate that employees in various companies belong to different generations. There are four generations identified in the study and they try to divide different generations into clusters of individuals with the same age. The behaviour of these people is shaped by their age in particular and the experiences they encountered as they were growing up. These generations have different perceptions towards various aspects of life. Even at workplace, it can be seen that people belong to different generations have different perceptions towards their work. The traditionalists in particular are content with the traditional way of doing things while the Generation X and millennial are interested in achieving good things that

Leadership and Hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Hero - Essay Example In some ways, using my own hopes and romantic ideals, I had created an America that was, perhaps, more mythical than real. I imagined, for instance, a country and a system without serious problems or difficulties. I imagined a country with perfect education and tolerance of other peoples and other cultures. I was, in effect, defining America through my own preconceptions, without having ever truly experienced the country and her culture. Once I arrived in the United States, however, this mirror was removed; to be sure, as stated by Ronald Heifetz, the realities were much different than my original impressions. I learned that America was not all that much different from other countries. To be sure, there were wonderful opportunities for education and employment; on the other hand, there was fierce competition and expensive costs. There was, contrary to my initial beliefs, a very real possibility of failure. I have also learned that one needs to experience people, places, and things first-hand in order to truly understand. We need to remove the mirror, to peel away romantic mythologies, and look at things objectively. In sum, I have learned the value of true experience and the need to be careful about relying on second-hand information. In this essay, I will describe Prometheus and why his character is such a popular hero.

Why Do The Sociologists Need Theories?

Why Do The Sociologists Need Theories? In simple terms, theories are used by sociologists to explain how social phenomena has occurred. A theory is used as an explanation by sociologists as to why something occurs in society. Durkheim quotes, sociology is a way to discover ultimate truths about society, for the purpose of social improvement (Seidman, 2008). For most sociologists this quote summarizes the reasons they study society and in turn use theories to explain social phenomena. Theories offer people in sociology and outside sociology another view or take on a certain aspect of society. The more theories there are, the more choice and freedom of thought there is for someone looking for answers as to why society is the way it is. Hence theories are essential to the continuing development of society, providing potential answers to those who seek them. It is natural for humans to ask why and seek answers. Sociologist also use theories to abstract particular information and convert it into more general material, so that others can make sense of it. Further more they use theories to categorise and group sociological happenings into a specific class. In order to illustrate the above, the Neo-Marxist theorists Althusser and Gramsci will be compared, seeing as they both have their own unique approach to Marxism and interpreted Marxs ideas in different ways. Gramsci was the humanitarian Neo-Marxist while Althusser was more of a scientific Neo-Marxist (Kellner, 2005). With Althusser being a structuralist he in turn rejected Marxs Hegelian essentialism, the two kinds of which being economism and humanism (Scott, 2007). Hence Althusser was very much an anti-economist and anti-humanist. Althusser viewed ideology itself a determining inflection that moulds consciousness and ultimately represents a considerably large swerve away from economic determination (Scott, 2007). For Althusser ideology portrayed the relationship between the persons imagination and their actual conditions of existence. He felt that ideology transformed humans into subjects of ideological process that shaped them while at the same time they are conned into viewing t hemselves as self- determining agents. (Benton 1998). Further more Althussers theories can often relate to functionalism (Swingewood, 2000). Gramsci was also a strongly influential Marxist thinker. Like Althusser, he rejected economism, but also rejected crude materialism and instead offer a humanist version of Marxism which focused on human subjectivity (Nield Seed, 1981). He adopted the term hegemony to depict the supremacy of social classà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ over others which in essence referred in particular to the bourgeoisie dominance over the working class (Nield Seed, 1981). As well as hegemony being used as an economic and political tool, he felt it gave the dominant bourgeoisie class the ability to project its own way of viewing the world upon the lower classes who then accept this as common sense and part of life. A key difference between the two Marxist theories is that contrary to Althusser, Gramsci highlights struggle and conflict (Nield Seed, 1981). He claimed that common sense was not a solid state and constantly transformed itself. Gramsci s theory meant a rejection of economism due to th e fact it saw the struggle for ideological hegemony as a major factor in social change. Overall, there were more criticisms of Althussers theories that in turn led many to favor Gramscis theories, with particular credit given to his theory of hegemony. A number of strengths can be found across the board of Marxist theory. Contrary to the mass media, Marxism takes into account the importance of explicit theory (Swingewood, 2000). The Marxist critical theory attracts consideration to the matter of political and economic interests in the mass media and emphasizes the social inequalities in media representation whilst revealing the myth of value-free social science (Swingewood, 2000). Whilst Althussers theories help to attenuate the allegory of the absolute individual, other Marxist attitudes see the media as a site of struggle. Marxist theory accentuates the importance of social class in relation to the media and the publics understanding of media, which remains a valuable factor in media assay (Kellner, 2005). This Marxist analysis is useful in that during the distribution of power in society, certain types of reality end up with more influence than others, which in essence means Marxist theory reveals how the media makes less import ant new seem far more important that it is. Meanwhile more serious and important news is sometimes swept aside and not focused on by the media for a tactical purpose. While the strengths of Marxist theory seem to outweigh the limitations, some limitations can be found. Some contest that Marxism is just another ideology, with some Marxists being accused of being too doctrinaire (following the theory regardless of its practicality). Fundamentalist Marxism is crudely deterministic, allowing not much amplitude for human agency or subjectivity (Swingewood, 2000). Another point is that Marxism is often seen as an elevated form of theory which concentrates on the grand scheme and in turn averting empirical research. This means Marxist analysis of media does not include vigorous enough studies. In conclusion, sociologists need theories to explain social phenomena and explain how the sociological world has come to be like it is. Theories offer people another view on a certain aspect of society. We all think theoretically in our own way, although the key difference that sociological theorists use is that they think theoretically in a systematic manner. Sociological theorists will arrive at different explanations for events than the theoretical approach of a normal person, and therefore will need to create a theory to explain it. Using the example of Marxist theories and theorists, in particular Althusser and Gramsci, it is possible to see why sociologists need theories. Praktische opdracht A.K: Nike Praktische opdracht A.K: Nike Inleiding: Ik heb dit merk gekozen omdat ik er graag meer over wil weten. Ik weet wel dat het eindproduct heel mooi is, maar wat voor soorten textiel ze gebruiken en hoe de import en export wordt geregeld weet ik allemaal nog niet. Ik hoop dat ik doormiddel van dit onderzoek er wel achter zal komen. Deelvraag 1: Hoe is Nike ontstaan? Het begon allemaal toen de vrouw van bouwerman tijdens het ontbijt altijd wafels bakte. Bill kwam op het idee dat je de zelfde manier ook bij schoenen kan doen zodat de schoenen dan ook lichter worden. Hij maakte een paar stuks met de hand, en zag dat er veel vraag was naar de schoenen. Toen dacht hij er aan met Phill om van China de schoenen te exporteren.Toen begonnen ze met hun bedrijfje. Johnson begon een winkeltje met de geà ¯mporteerde schoenen. Het logo Swoosh werd in 1971 ontworpen en kwam op alle artikelen van Nike. De Moon Shoe is de eerste schoenen collectie werd in 1972 geà ¯ntroduceerd, speciaal gemaakt voor atleten, omdat ze lichte schoenen nodig hadden. De schoenen werden ook verkocht in Verenigde Staten. Toen werd ook de eerste sponsorcontract getekend met de Roemeense tennisster Emma Ballard. Er werden een jaar later ook fabrieken en bedrijven geopend in Taiwan en Zuid-Korea. De eerste air schoenen werden in 1979 gemaakt, de schoenen zijn gevuld met gas zodat je je makkelijker kan bewegen met de schoenen. Vanaf de jaren 80 werd Nike het grootste sportmerk ter wereld. Deelvraag 2: Waar wordt Nike geproduceerd: Nike is Amerikaans, maar laat haar producten vooral in Azià « produceren. Nike wordt geproduceerd in landen waar de productiekosten heel laag liggen en de arbeiders het minimumloon krijgen en zo weinig mogelijk rechten hebben, zoals: Zuid-Korea, Taiwan, Filippijnen en Maleisià «. Later werd ook in Vietnam geproduceerd, omdat Nike nog meer landen zocht met lage lonen, maar de fabrieken werden onderneemt door Zuid -Koreaanse en Taiwanese ondernemers. Nu worden Nike producten vooral geproduceerd in China, Vietnam, Thailand en Indonesià «. Maar voor moeilijkere werk ook in Zuid-Korea en Taiwan en in Cambodja, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Mexico, El Salvador, Dominicaanse Republiek enz De productie van nike wordt op de volgende manier gemaakt: 1 de model wordt eerst ontworpen. 2 dan wordt het uitgewerkt bij onderaannemers. 3 de onderaannemers produceren het product in fabrieken in lage loonlanden zoals: Thailand, Indonesià «, China of Vietnam, de onderdelen van à ©Ãƒ ©n product worden vaak in verschillende landen gemaakt. Nike wordt natuurlijk in heel Europa verkocht, maar de hoofdkantoor van Nike ligt in Oregon in VS en in Europa ligt de Kantoor in Hilversum. In Australià « Nieuw-Zeeland en verschillende Aziatische landen heb je ook een Nike -Kantoor. Deelvraag 3: Is er een verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van het merk? Er is wel een verband tussen de globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van het merk Nike. Sommige landen hebben betere eind producten dan andere landen. Doordat ontstaat er concurrentie. De globalisering speelt een rol bij vestigingsfactoren. De globalisering heeft ook invloed op de economie. Als de globalisering zich ontwikkeld dan wordt het economie ook mee ontwikkeld. Zoals we weten heeft Nederland kwalitatieve concurrentiefactoren, zoals op het gebied van arbeid en kwaliteit. Er is een zeer grote verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van Nike. Nike is een succesvolle merk dat bekend is over de hele wereld. Het wordt overal verkocht je hebt in veel landen fabrieken die Nike kleding en schoenen produceren de hoofdkantoor ligt in Hilversum, en de verkoophandel gaat heel goed. Zoals u ziet draagt bijna iedereen Nike kleding. Er zijn fabrieken in verschillende landen in Azià « waar Nike kleding wordt gemaakt. mensen kopen steeds meer merk kleding dat komt omdat het steeds pop ulair wordt voor jongeren die een grote belangstelling hebben voor merk kleding. Of sommige mensen willen daar mee laten zien dat hun welvaart goed is en daar door ze het ook kunnen kopen. Deelvraag 4: Wat zijn de gevolgen voor de lokale economie en lokale milieu in de productielanden? De economie wordt juist beter, want er is dan minder werkloosheid in die landen omdat Nike ook een bekend merk is over de hele wereld en goed wordt verkocht wordt er ook meer geproduceerd en stijgt de economie. Zoals je weet is Nike een Amerikaanse merk en in Amerika is de economie niet zo slecht. Jaarlijks wordt er steeds meer verkocht dan er voor, maar er wordt ook in landen in Azià « Nike geproduceerd en in die landen gaat het een stuk minder met de economie. Als de fabrieken de kleding maken, dan kan het milieuvervuiling groter worden. Hoe meer ze kleding produceren hoe meer de fabrieken voor vervuiling zorgen. Gevolgen voor de milieu: Meer fabrieken in een gebied. Meer vervuiling. Meer grondstoffen in een fabriek. Meer grondstofvervuiling. Luchtvervuiling. lucht wordt vervuild door uitlaatgassen en andere gassen. Watervervuiling. is altijd vervuild door afval en fabrieken. Bodemvervuiling. De fabrieken vervuilen de omgeving. Meer fabrieken werden geplaatst op een plek. Omdat er weinig plekken zijn voor de fabrieken. In fabrieken worden producten gemaakt, en bij het maken van producten komen er schadelijke stoffen vrij. En al die stoffen komen in de lucht terecht, daarom wordt er een doorlopentijd gemaakt zodat het product niet schadelijk kan zijn voor ons als we het inademen. Bij die landen waar producten worden geproduceerd is de grond verzilt waardoor er confectiekleding wordt gebruikt tegen die stoffen. De vezels worden gebruikt voor het maken van touw. Het water stonk, het was te vies om te drinken en het was gevaarlijk. De vervuiling was dat er teveel natuurlijke stoffen van de productie in het water kwamen waardoor er een bodemerosie ontstaat. Bodemvervuiling ontstaat doordat de mens zomaar dingen op de grond gooit die hij niet nodig heeft. En daardoor wordt de bodem vervuilt en als het door gaat zal het erger worden. Deelvraag 5: Waarom verkoopt dit merk goed? Nike is een merk dat heel bekend is geworden naar mate de tijd. Dat komt natuurlijk vooral doordat bekende sporters die merk dragen. De Nederlandse elftal loopt in T-shirts van Nike. Veel voetballers, tennissers, atleten, golfers, voetbalelftallen dragen die merk. En vooral nadat de Nike -sneakers kwamen dat heeft er voor gezorgd dat de verkoop met 25% is gaan stijgen ook de winst is hoger geworden dan was verwacht. Het steeg van 261,2 miljoen dollar naar 326,8 miljoen dollar. De aandelen stegen natuurlijk ook mee van 0,98 dollarcent naar 1,21 dollar. Nike heeft Adidas als de grote concurrent, vooral nadat Adidas-Reebok kwam is de concurrentie nog meer geworden. Puma, Asics en Fila zijn 3 andere merken die het ook moeilijk maken voor Nike. Nike wordt verkocht onder de namen Nike, Air Jordan en Nike Air. Converse, Bauer en Cole Haan, dat zijn de dochterondernemingen van Nike. De actie van back-to-school seizoen van Chuck Taylor Convers zorgde voor een verkoopstijging van 12% in de VS. Doordat bekende sporters zoals Serena Williams de merk Nike dragen vooral tijdens de olympische spelen is dat een steeds betere succes voor Nike. Een paar namen die worden gesponsord en een contract hebben met Nike: Ronaldinho, Tiger Woods, Roger Federer en Michael Jordan. Ook Fc Barcelona, Real Madrid, Juventus, Manchester United en PSV. Nike heeft over de hele wereld 26.700 werknemers in dienst.In 2006 heeft Nike een winst gemaakt van 15 miljard dollar. Zo kun je zien dat het wel goed gaat met het bedrijf. Hoofdvraag: Is Nike de Belangrijkste merk op de markt? Als we ons meer gaan richten op de sportmerken dan is Nike à ©Ãƒ ©n van de topmerken over de hele wereld. Dat komt natuurlijk vooral doordat bekende sporters die merk dragen. De Nederlandse elftal loopt in T-shirts van Nike. Veel voetballers, tennissers, atleten, golfers, voetbalelftallen dragen die merk. Er is een zeer grote verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van Nike. Nike is een succesvolle merk dat bekend is over de hele wereld. Zon wereldberoemd merk als Nike word al snel door vele mensen gedragen. Vanaf de jaren 80 werd Nike het grootste sportmerk ter wereld. Nike heeft Adidas als de grote concurrent, vooral nadat Adidas-Reebok kwam is de concurrentie nog meer geworden. Puma, Asics en Fila zijn 3 andere merken die het ook moeilijk maken voor Nike.

Intrapsychic Omnipresence in Bodily Symptoms :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Intrapsychic Omnipresence in Bodily Symptoms Sometimes disease and illness just show up. For these medical conditions, a doctor usually tells us what is "wrong" physically. These scientific observations determining diseases or symptoms leave people wondering if there is something behind the cell that created the malfunction. Perhaps one's psyche; which is the mind functioning as the center of thought, conscious or unconscious, and interconnected with the physical environment, can effect the body positively and negatively. An indirect way of dealing with psychological conflict is to intuitively or unconsciously convert it into symptomatic illness. However, this does not get rid of the emotions or the symptoms, for this is not the root of the problem. It is only through recognition of the their intuition or repressed emotions that people may come to heal themselves. It is difficult although possible for some to assign every illness or symptom to some underlying psychic cause; but that is usually whimsically referred to as "new ag e" and "mystical". It is a person's own personal belief whether she created her diabetes, or whether he created his cancer as a result of psychological and emotional conflict and trauma. Therefore, we can only look at the facts to postulate the argument that a lack of psychological well being manifests itself somatically. The best way to examine the notion that psychological factors affect medical conditions is with the neurosis Hysteria. Hysteria is also known now as Conversion Disorder or Dissociation, in which unconscious or emotional psychological conflict converts into a bodily disturbance (2). An example of this is anxiety. Hysteria is diagnosed as psychological stress accompanied with physical symptoms. Interestingly, despite the multiple physical symptoms there is no anatomical or organic basis for any of them. Although conversion disorder is a physical manifestation, there is no physical cause. In the case of hysteria, the mind or the psyche is neglected by the person who represses emotional trauma, and these then divert themselves into the body as a means of expression or escape. These patients often times do not know what is wrong with themselves because the repression was unconscious and out of their control. Accordingly, the physical symptoms in hysteria are a result of the person's lack of psychological control, which is unconscious not voluntary. During the 19th century, French Neurologist J.M. Charcot and Psychologist P. Janet emphasized that "morbid ideas could produce physical manifestations" and that hysteria was caused by the psyche not the body (1).

Psychological Insights about Lord of the Flies Essay

Abstract Sigmund Freud’s personality structure is used throughout William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies. Each character has the personality trait of Freud’s Id, Ego and Superego structure. Their personalities are challenged in the story due to the theme of a deserted tropical island. The 3 main characters minds are challenged the most in the story because Ralph and Jack are supposed to be leaders. Ralph only wants what is best for the boys and Jack only cares about hunting and surviving. Golding uses Freud’s personality theory to explain the personalities of the main characters. Ralph is the Ego, Jack is the Id, and Piggy is the Super-Ego. Williams Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies uses Sigmund Freud’s personality structural theory: Id, Ego and Superego. Each character in the book starts off with one personality, but then their mind is challenged when they crash into a deserted island. The boys have no parental authority and they realize it. At first they think life is going to be alright until most of them turn into a complete wild savage and they are no longer the well-behaved school boy they once were. Golding uses Freud’s personality theory to explain the personalities of the main characters. Ralph is the Ego, Jack is the Id, and Piggy is the Super-Ego. The Ego is supposed to be the balance between the Id and the Superego. Read more:  Simon quotes lord of the flies essay They understand that others have desires and needs and that being selfish can hurt us in the end. The Ego is the character who is supposed to be the better one out of everyone. Ralph is the ultimate Ego personality in Lord of the Flies. His conscience is balanced by Jack (Id) and Piggy (Superego). At the beginning, he does not know that he is the main key to survival, but soon to find out he really is. Ralph becomes a leader and wants to do well because of the influence of Piggy. When Ralph finds a conch shell and decides to use it as the main speaking tool on the island he shows a strong sense of Ego. â€Å"We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. They’ll come when they hear us.† He beamed at Ralph. â€Å"That was what you meant, didn’t you? That’s why you got the conch out of the water?† (Page 16) Whoever was holding the conch was allowed to speak and no one should interrupt. Ralph has a big heart and thinks before he acts. He shoes his kindness by protecting Piggy and only wanting what is best for all the other boys. Freud’s Superego personality represents the conscience. It is developed through moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. Piggy is definitely the Superego in Lord of the Flies. Piggy is the Superego because he is the only boy who can see danger ahead of them. He tries to show kindness to all the other boys, but in return all he is picked on. Piggy sticks by Ralph’s side through the entire book. â€Å"Piggy was†¦ so full of pride in his contribution to the good of society that he helped to fetch wood.† Piggy only wanted what was best for the boys and for them to work together. He was considered the more scientific person of the group. His glasses played an important role in the book because they started the signal fire for the boys to be rescued. Even though Piggy was whinny and complained a lot he always stuck by Ralph’s side and never gave up on the thought that they could be rescued. The biggest personality that plays apart in Lord of the Flies is the Id. The Id overcomes most of the boys and makes them change. An Id personality contains our primitive impulses. Jack shows the change to the Id personality the most in the story. He starts off as a well-behaved young boy and then ended up turning into a wild savage. Jack becomes obsessed with hunting and killing animals. â€Å"‘Kill the pig! Cut his throat! Kill the pig! Bash him in!’ (Chapter 7) His whole mindset is about being hunter and nothing else matters. Freud says that an Id personality can sometimes represented by a devil sitting on someone’s shoulder. The devil sitting on Jack’s shoulder is making him change completely. At the beginning, Jack never would have thought about killing one of his friends, but his wild mindset takes over him and his group and they kill their friend Simon. Jacks sidekick Roger is just like him. Roger ends up rolling a boulder off the side of a cliff and smashing Piggy’s brains out and killing him. Both Jack and Roger let the devil get the best of them and do not realize it until the very end when they are rescued. All of the characters have a define personality on the island. Some of them change and others stay the same. The animalistic urges of the Id really come out in Lord of the Flies. The primitive desires of the Id are the leading feature of one’s individuality. The characters that symbolize the animalistic urges of the Id are created in order to demonstrate the primitive unconscious part of the human mind. There is a portion of Id in each character, but Jack, Roger, and Ralph are the most excellent examples. The Beast is a big symbol in the story because all the boys think there is a real beast on the island; when truly the beast is inside the boys. The only character to realize this is Simon because when he imagines the Lord of the Flies (pig head) is talking to him it tells him that the boys fear the beast because it is truly inside of them. Simon never explains to them because the inner beast comes out when the boys kill Simon when he runs out of the forest. The symbol of the beast takes over most of the boys. The beast is a psychological symbol inside the boys minds. Lord of the flies just isn’t just based on a psychological insight, but also how human nature takes over. K.M. Parivelan’s critical article about William Golding’s Lord of the Flies talks about how the book shows a psychological approach about human-self and human nature. â€Å"The work characterizes Golding’s underlying theme ‘man produces evil as a bee produces honey’. In all his works the author has relentlessly pursued the objective of making man face ‘the sad fact of his own cruelty and lust’ and has upheld the conviction ‘man is a fallen being’. The fact that man is gripped by original sin and is in an inherently perilous state justifies evil and Psychological Insights its innate fusion with human existence.† Parivelan is saying that Golding shows in Lord of the Flies that the boys on the island show their inner evil through human-self and human nature. The nature of the island makes the boys become a person who they really are not. Death and the presences of destruction come out of most of the boys, while â€Å"Right from the beginning, Ralph is the only character who demonstrates his resolve for creating a democratic society. Initially, he is exultant due to the new freedom.† Evil really shows in Lord of the Flies through the power of human-self and human nature. Evil, hunting and killing is now the only thing the boys care about. A human beings personality can change at time and in extraordinary situations. It all comes back to a psychological mind change and a personality. No human being has the same personality their whole life. Human nature can make a human being change completely if they have never lived in that kind of environment before. Ralph tries to be the civilized one and make sure there are ground rules that boys follow so nothing bad would happen. In the end, Jack turns on Ralph and becomes an evil and has a killing mind set. Ralph just wants the boys to work together so he creates a way of speaking when they have meetings. â€Å"At the beginning, the conch becomes a really powerful symbol for law, order and civilization. As the boys are slowly descending into savagery, the conch loses its influence among them.† The civilization among the boys changes and they do not work together. At the end, two of the boys lose their lives due to the â€Å"evil† psychological mind change of most of the boys. Sigmund Freud’s theory plays a huge role throughout the whole story. Each character starts out with one personality and then it changes into another. The â€Å"beast† was not really on the island, but truly inside of the boys. It took over most of them. Jack and Roger become pure evil and only care about killing animals and even humans. In the end, the boys are rescued and reality strikes back into their heads. All of the boys start to weep and finally realize what they had become. The boys had lost two of their good friends because they had let the â€Å"beast† overcome them. The boys probably learned an important lesson about how a human mind can snap at any given moment. Psychological Insights Parivelan , K. M. (n.d.). critical analysis of the psychological insights in Lord of the Flies by William Golding . Retrieved from Meghdutam website: http://www.rbhs.w-cook.k12.il.us/Mancoff/lofcritan.htm Psychological Behavior in â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. (2006). Retrieved from BookRags, Inc. website: http://www.bookrags.com/essay-2005/6/16/202753/419